![]() The SCLC, an organization founded on the principles of nonviolenceĪnd civil disobedience, became a major force in organizing the civil rights movement. Leadership Conference (SCLC) later that year. On Transportation and Nonviolent Integration, which was renamed The Southern Christian ![]() This law was largely ineffective.Ī group of 60 African American ministers formed the Southern Leadership Conference Her arrest led to a successful citywide bus boycott, which brought Martin Luther King,Ĭongress passed, and President Dwight D. Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for violating a Jim Crow ordinance. Public outrage generated by the case helped spur the civil rights movement. They later boasted about committing the murder. Two white men charged with the crime wereĪcquitted by an all-white jury. The decision outlawed segregation in all public schools in the United States.Įmmett Till, a fourteen year-old black youth, was brutally murdered for allegedlyįlirting with a white woman in Mississippi. … deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that "separate educational facilitiesĪre inherently unequal" and that "the plaintiffs and others similarly situated… are Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which stated, "It is herebyĭeclared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatmentĪnd opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, Kraemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that lower courts could not enforce restrictive Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers, thereby breaking the modern color line Allwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the "White primary," which excluded blacks The foundation for the American civil rights movement. Should fight for their freedom and political equality it was this approach that laid Duīois (1868-1963) argued that African Americans were in the United States to stay and Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)Ĭalled for racial separatism and a "Back-to-Africa" colonization program. ![]() Gradual social adjustment rather than political and civil rights. Washington (1856-1915) stressed industrial schooling for African Americans and Was expressed in three general approaches, as illustrated by prominent leaders. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the resistance of African Americans to their oppression
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